While early mention of differences between men and women existed in geographies of individual communities, an explicit focus on gender developed from the 1970 as feminist scholarship and activism coincided to highlight gender difference and inequality. Since then, a wide number of theoretical currents have stimulated a range of studies and academic thought. During the late 1980 and early 1990 gender studies in rural geogmphy began to make up ground. Thus, gender analyses of rural societies have an increasingly flourishing existence in rural studies. Moreover, COMMON POLICY initiatives that actively promote greater interaction between the state, local governments and civil society are an increasingly important component in the politics of poverty reduction and the promotion of better livelihood for poor people. In this way, to address local inequalities, and to strengthen rural economies, local societies and local public services, a new COMMON space is needed, that could be ideally designed to incorporate ordinary people into the planning, implementation, administration, management and supervision of public activities. The objective of this paper is to integrate gender, COMMON POLICY and rural development in an applied approach to the analysis of rural communities.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the POLICY proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed POLICY proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more POLICY proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

In order to study the genetic control of resistance to COMMON smut in maize, two resistant inbred lines, K1264/1 and K47/2-2-21 and two susceptible inbred lines, K3304/1-2 and K47/2-2-1-3-3-1, were crossed as K1264/1 × K3304/1-2, K47//2-2-21 × K3304/1-2 and K1264/1 × K47/2-2-1-3-3-1. The F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies were produced and evaluated along with parents using randomized compelet block design with three replications. All generations were artificially inoculated with spordia of Ustilago maydis suspension. Inoculation was carried out 7-10 days after silking through injection of 3 ml of 106 spores/ml fungal suspension, using tip injection method. At maturity, disease severity was determined based on ears infection and analysed according to generation means analysis method for three crosses. Joint scaling test showed that the presence of additive, dominance and epistasis effects, especially additive × additive and dominance × dominance type, and in lesser extent, additive × dominance, in genetic control of resistance to maize COMMON smut. Average broad and narrow-sense heritability based on three crosses data were estimated 80.3 and 57.3, respectively.

The European Union developed the COMMON Security- Defense POLICY (CSDP) in 1999 to enhance its position in the field of international system and to play an effective role in the field of international peace and security and subsequently to reinforce the various aspects of European convergence. This institution is known as the military/civilian arm of the COMMON foreign and security POLICY (CFSP) of the European Union, and nowadays it is one of the most dynamic areas related to European Union's plans and projects. Although it has passed only a decade since the birth of the COMMON Security and Defense POLICY, this institution has run 24 civil and military missions since 2003 to promote global peace and security in three continents of Europe, Africa and Asia. The key to the success of the COMMON Security and Defense POLICY missions is in developing the culture of planning and conducting joint military and civilian operations. However, EU is encountering limitations preventing it from the development of a comprehensive COMMON Security and Defense POLICY, still, it is expected to overcome some limitations of European security and defense area, having the Lisbon treaty come into force by European countries in December 2009. Therefore, the present paper seeks to explain the COMMON Security-Defense POLICY of EU during 1999-2009.

The use of zeolite was investigated to improve the environmental condition of COMMON carp. The fingerlings of 13 grams were tested in 4 treatments. Each treatment contained 60 fish and 3 replications, in RBD experiment design. The treatment was performed 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg/l and one without zeolite as control. EC, T, O2 and salinity was equal but the amount of No2, NO3, NH4 and total hardness, was lower in zeolite treatment compared to the control group. Other parameters such as TDS, pH and sulfide were not different. The results showed that using zeolite can improve the water condition but the SGR, PER, FCR and total weight, in spite of pronounced difference between the dosage of 8 and 120 mg/l, the difference was not significant. In treatment of 80 mg/l, weight increased for 31%, GR for 29%, SGR for 29%, PER for 42%, more than the control group. FCR in the control group was 3.07 while in treatment with 80 mg/l zeolite, it was 2.34.The present study showed by using zeolite and by good management to improve the water condition, it is possible to improve the growth parameters of fish.

The Collapse of the Soviet Union and following crises in the East Europe and Balkan area on one hand, and Europe inability to handle and manage the crises on the other hand, were indicating the lack of a coherent political and security Decision making structure. This made European countries to refuse U.S. political and security supports and play a better role in their geographical area. The process finally led to a COMMON foreign POLICY as a basis for a COMMON security and defensive POLICY. The main character of this POLICY is the efficient role of Europe in managing security arrangements in its geographical area in absence of NATO and U.S. during any crises.